No less certain is what Trump will decide to do. Any plan to deploy European troops to Ukraine — especially NATO member countries — would likely need U.S. backing to be an effective deterrent. That would keep Trump involved in Europe, something he doesn’t want.

Trump has promised to push for peace talks in Ukraine within six months but has criticized Europe's lack of defense spending.

French President Emmanuel Macron says Europe must "wake up" and spend more on its defense as Trump returns, but how realistic is the suggestion?

Emmanuel Macron gave a speech to the French armed forces in the face of an 'acceleration' of threats which, in his view, requires Europe to 'spend more on defense.'

French President Emmanuel Macron warned on Monday that the billions of euros of taxpayer money spent on Europe's military budgets should not be used to buy only American weapons, pushing for more investment in home-grown defence industries.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that he has held further discussions with French President Emmanuel Macron about the ... nearly three-year war with Russia. Zelenskyy’s disclosure ...

Sir Keir Starmer and Emmanuel Macron are discussing sending British and French soldiers to Ukraine as a peacekeeping force after any potential deal to end the war, The Telegraph understands.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky spoke on the phone with his French counterpart Emmanuel Macron on Monday about taking "practical steps" to deploy peacekeepers in Ukraine, according to his post on X, formerly known as Twitter.

French President Emmanuel Macron has called on Europe to "wake up" and spend more on defense, in a speech to the French military as Donald Trump returns to power.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy says he has held further discussions with French President Emmanuel Macron about the possibility of Western troops deploying in Ukraine to safeguard any peace d

A key worry among EU diplomats is a scenario where Trump would be inclined to hold bilateral talks with Russia's Putin over the Europeans' heads.